I. Core Functional Modules (Key to Performance)
Battery Pack (Energy Storage Core)
Function: A "reservoir" for storing electrical energy, the primary determinant of power supply capacity and weight.
Main Types:
Ternary Lithium Batteries: High energy density (lighter weight), good low-temperature performance, but slightly less safe, with a cycle life of approximately 500-800 cycles.
Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries: Higher safety (high temperature resistance, less prone to puncture and fire), long cycle life (1000-3000 cycles), but lower energy density (heavier for the same capacity), and slightly worse low-temperature performance.
Structure: A battery pack consists of multiple single cells (such as 3.7V 18650 or 21700 cells) connected in series and parallel. A battery management system (BMS) is used to implement functions such as charge and discharge protection and cell voltage balancing.
Inverter (AC/DC Converter Core)
Purpose: Converts the battery pack's low-voltage DC power (e.g., 12V/24V/48V) into household AC power (220V/110V, 50Hz/60Hz) for use with AC devices such as laptops and rice cookers.
Types:
Modified sine wave inverter: Low-cost and suitable for purely resistive devices (e.g., light bulbs and electric blankets), but may damage motor-type devices (e.g., fans and refrigerators).
Sine wave inverter (mainstream): Output waveform close to mains power, compatible with all AC devices, and offers higher conversion efficiency (typically 85%-95%).
Charge and Discharge Management Module
Charge Management: Responsible for receiving external power (mains, solar power, car charger, etc.) and converting it to a voltage/current suitable for the battery pack (e.g., converting 220V AC to the DC voltage required by the battery pack when charging from the mains). Discharge Management: Distributes the battery pack's power according to the needs of different interfaces (USB, DC, AC), ensuring stable output voltage (e.g., 5V/9V/12V for USB, 12V/24V for DC).
BMS (Battery Management System) (Safety Core)
Function: Monitors battery status (voltage, current, temperature, and SOC) in real time and implements protection mechanisms:
Overcharge Protection: Prevents continued charging after the battery is fully charged, which can cause swelling or fire.
Overdischarge Protection: Prevents battery depletion and extends battery life.
Overcurrent/Short-Circuit Protection: Automatically shuts off power when the output current is too high or a short circuit occurs.
Temperature Protection: Terminates charging and discharging at high temperatures (e.g., >60°C) or low temperatures (e.g., <-20°C).
II. Auxiliary Structures and Components
Casing and Cooling System
Casing: Typically made of flame-retardant ABS plastic or aluminum alloy, it balances lightweightness and drop resistance. Some high-end products feature IP54-rated dust and water resistance for enhanced outdoor suitability. Heat dissipation: The inverter and battery pack generate heat during operation. Heat must be dissipated through heat dissipation holes, cooling fins, or a silent fan (for high-power models) to prevent high temperatures from affecting performance and safety.
Output Interfaces and Control Panel
Output interfaces: Configuration depends on the intended use. Common interfaces include:
AC (220V) interfaces: 1-3, supporting high-power devices.
USB (USB-A/USB-C) interfaces: Support low-power devices such as mobile phones and tablets. Some interfaces include PD fast charging (e.g., 60W/100W).
DC interfaces: Like the cigarette lighter interface (12V), suitable for car refrigerators, LED lights, etc.
Control Panel: Includes a display (displaying battery level, output power, and charging status), a power switch, individual interface switches (for some models), and an LED emergency light.
Charging Interface
Mains charging port: Connects to a household outlet. This is the most common charging method and supports fast charging (e.g., 200W/500W input, shortening charging time). Solar charging port: used with solar panels, usually with MPPT maximum power tracking function (to improve charging efficiency).
